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Introduction Background: Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year declared the country's "perpetual neutrality" as a condition for Soviet military withdrawal. Following the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 and Austria's entry into the European Union in 1995, some Austrian's have called into question this neutrality. A prosperous, democratic country, Austria entered the European Monetary Union in 1999. Geography  НаверхLocation: Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia Geographic coordinates: 47 20 N, 13 20 E Map references: Europe Area: Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Maine Land boundaries: Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: temperate: continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers Terrain: in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern and northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping Elevation extremes: Natural resources: oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower Land use: Irrigated land: 457 sq km (2000 est.) Natural hazards: landslides; avalanches; earthquakes Environment - current issues: some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe Environment - international agreements: Geography - note: landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere People НаверхPopulation: 8,174,762 (July 2004 est.) Age structure: Median age: Population growth rate: 0.14% (2004 est.) Birth rate: 8.9 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) Death rate: 9.56 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) Net migration rate: 2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) Sex ratio: Infant mortality rate: Life expectancy at birth: Total fertility rate: 1.35 children born/woman (2004 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.3% (2003 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 10,000 (2003 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (2003 est.) Nationality: Ethnic groups: German 88.5%, indigenous minorities 1.5% (includes Croatians, Slovenes, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Roma), recent immigrant groups 10% (includes Turks, Bosnians, Serbians, Croatians) (2001) Religions: Roman Catholic 73.6%, Protestant 4.7%, Muslim 4.2%, other 0.1%, none 17.4% Languages: German (official nationwide), Slovene (official in Carinthia), Croatian (official in Burgenland), Hungarian (official in Burgenland) Literacy: Government НаверхCountry name: Government type: federal republic Capital: Vienna Administrative divisions: 9 states (Bundeslaender, singular - Bundesland); Burgenland, Kaernten, Niederoesterreich, Oberoesterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol, Vorarlberg, Wien Independence: 1156 (Duchy of Austria founded); 12 November 1918 (republic proclaimed) National holiday: National Day, 26 October (1955); note - commemorates the State Treaty restoring national sovereignty and the end of occupation and the passage of the law on permanent neutrality Constitution: 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945) Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; compulsory for presidential elections Executive branch: Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of Federal Council or Bundesrat (62 members; members represent each of the states on the basis of population, but with each state having at least three representatives; members serve a five- or six-year term) and the National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms) Judicial branch: Supreme Judicial Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof; Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgerichtshof Political parties and leaders: Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL]; Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Ursula HAUBNER]; Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens [Alexander VAN DER BELLEN] Political pressure groups and leaders: Austrian Trade Union Federation (nominally independent but primarily Socialist) or OeGB; Federal Economic Chamber; OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrialists or VOeI; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action; three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, and farmers and other non-government organizations in the areas of environment and human rights International organization participation: AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMISET, UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX: [1] (202) 895-6750 telephone: [1] (202) 895-6700 Diplomatic representation from the US: Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red Economy НаверхEconomy - overview: Austria, with its well-developed market economy and high standard of living, is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's. Membership in the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to EU aspirant economies. Slow growth in Germany and elsewhere in the world held the economy to 0.7% growth in 2001, 1.4% in 2002, and again less than 1% in 2003. However, recent data signal that the recovery has started. The government estimates economic growth in 2004 of 1.7-2.1% and of 2.5% in 2005. The government is planning a EURO 500 billion income tax cut in 2004, though some economists doubt it will have stimulative effects in 2004, because it will be offset by higher health insurance contributions and higher taxes on energy. For 2005, Austria plans a tax cut of EURO 2.5 billion and harmonization of the various pension schemes. To meet increased competition from both EU and Central European countries, particularly the new EU members, Austria will need to emphasize knowledge-based sectors of the economy, continue to deregulate the service sector, and lower its tax burden. A key issue is the encouragement of much greater participation in the labor market by its aging population. GDP: purchasing power parity - $245.3 billion (2003 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 0.7% (2003 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $30,000 (2003 est.) GDP - composition by sector: Investment (gross fixed): 22.5% of GDP (2003) Population below poverty line: 3.9% (1999) Household income or consumption by percentage share: Distribution of family income - Gini index: 31 (1995) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.4% (2003 est.) Labor force: 3.425 million (2003) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture and forestry 4%, industry and crafts 29%, services 67% (2001 est.) Unemployment rate: 4.4% (2003 est.) Budget: Public debt: 67.6% of GDP (2003) Agriculture - products: grains, potatoes, sugar beets, wine, fruit; dairy products, cattle, pigs, poultry; lumber Industries: construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, chemicals, lumber and wood processing, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, tourism Industrial production growth rate: 1.9% (2003 est.) Electricity - production: 58.75 billion kWh (2001) Electricity - consumption: 54.85 billion kWh (2001) Electricity - exports: 14.25 billion kWh (2001) Electricity - imports: 14.47 billion kWh (2001) Oil - production: 20,670 bbl/day (2001 est.) Oil - consumption: 262,400 bbl/day (2001 est.) Oil - exports: 35,470 bbl/day (2001) Oil - imports: 262,000 bbl/day (2001) Oil - proved reserves: 85.69 million bbl (1 January 2002) Natural gas - production: 1.731 billion cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - consumption: 7.81 billion cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - exports: 403 million cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - imports: 6.033 billion cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - proved reserves: 24.9 billion cu m (1 January 2002) Current account balance: $-1.353 billion (2003) Exports: $83.45 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) Exports - commodities: machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, paper and paperboard, metal goods, chemicals, iron and steel; textiles, foodstuffs Exports - partners: Germany 31.9%, Italy 9.6%, Switzerland 5.2%, US 4.9%, France 4.8%, UK 4.7% (2003) Imports: $81.59 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products; foodstuffs Imports - partners: Germany 43.2%, Italy 6.7%, Hungary 5.4%, Switzerland 5%, Netherlands 4.2% (2003) Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: $12.73 billion (2003) Debt - external: $15.5 billion (2003 est.) Economic aid - donor: ODA, $520 million (2002) Currency: euro (EUR) Currency code: EUR Exchange rates: euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications НаверхTelephones - main lines in use: 3.881 million (2003) Telephones - mobile cellular: 7,094,500 (2003) Telephone system: Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 65 (plus several hundred repeaters), shortwave 1 (2001) Radios: 6.08 million (1997) Television broadcast stations: 10 (plus more than 1,000 repeaters) (2001) Televisions: 4.25 million (1997) Internet country code: .at Internet hosts: 387,006 (2004) Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 37 (2000) Internet users: 3.73 million (2003) Transportation НаверхRailways: Highways: Waterways: 358 km (2003) Pipelines: gas 2,722 km; oil 663 km; refined products 149 km (2004) Ports and harbors: Enns, Krems, Linz, Vienna Merchant marine: Airports: 55 (2003 est.) Airports - with paved runways: Airports - with unpaved runways: Heliports: 1 (2003 est.) Military НаверхMilitary branches: Land Forces (KdoLdSK), Air Forces (KdoLuSK) Military manpower - military age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of age for voluntary service; from 2007, at the earliest, compulsory military service obligation will be reduced from 8 months to 6 (June 2004) Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 2,066,467 (2004 est.) Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 1,699,384 (2004 est.) Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 48,981 (2004 est.) Military expenditures - dollar figure: $1.497 billion (FY01/02) Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 0.85% (June 2004) Transnational Issues НаверхDisputes - international: minor disputes with the Czech Republic over the Temelin Nuclear Power Plant Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for Western Europe |
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