|
| Вернуться на описание страны |
секретные разведданныеПредставляем Вам самое полное описание страны на основе данных, полученных от различных разведслужб всего мира.
Introduction Background: Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World Wars I and II, but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). In the second half of the 20th century, Spain has played a catch-up role in the western international community; it joined the EU in 1986. Continuing challenges include Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) terrorism and further reductions in unemployment. Geography  НаверхLocation: Southwestern Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Pyrenees Mountains, southwest of France Geographic coordinates: 40 00 N, 4 00 W Map references: Europe Area: land: 499,542 sq km Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Oregon Land boundaries: Coastline: 4,964 km Maritime claims: Climate: temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast Terrain: large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north Elevation extremes: Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land Land use: Irrigated land: 36,400 sq km (1998 est.) Natural hazards: periodic droughts Environment - current issues: pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification Environment - international agreements: Geography - note: strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar People НаверхPopulation: 40,280,780 (July 2004 est.) Age structure: 15-64 years: 68% (male 13,748,998; female 13,652,852) 65 years and over: 17.6% (male 2,958,387; female 4,120,140) (2004 est.) Median age: Population growth rate: 0.16% (2004 est.) Birth rate: 10.11 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) Death rate: 9.55 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) Net migration rate: 0.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) Sex ratio: Infant mortality rate: Life expectancy at birth: Total fertility rate: 1.27 children born/woman (2004 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.5% (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 130,000 (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: 2,300 (2001 est.) Nationality: noun: Spaniard(s) adjective: Spanish Ethnic groups: composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types Religions: Roman Catholic 94%, other 6% Languages: Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% Literacy: Government НаверхCountry name: local short form: Espana Government type: parliamentary monarchy Capital: Madrid Administrative divisions: 19 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Baleares (Balearic Islands), Ceuta, Canarias (Canary Islands), Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Comunidad Valenciana, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Melilla, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco (Basque Country) Independence: the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Moslem occupation that began in the early 8th century A. D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain National holiday: National Day, 12 October Constitution: 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978 Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: Legislative branch: bicameral; General Courts or National Assembly or Las Cortes Generales consists of the Senate or Senado (259 seats - 208 members directly elected by popular vote and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to serve four-year terms) and the Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; members are elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms) Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo Political parties and leaders: Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Josu Jon IMAZ]; Canarian Coalition or CC (a coalition of five parties) [Paulino RIVERO Baute]; Convergence and Union or CiU [Artur MAS i Gavarro] (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC [Artur MAS i Gavarro] and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN y LLEIDA]); Entesa Catalonia de Progress (a Senate coalition grouping four Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA) [leader NA]; Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Anxo Manuel QUINTANA]; Party of Independents from Lanzarote or PIL [Dimas MARTIN Martin]; Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY]; Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Josep-Lluis CAROD-ROVIRA]; Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO]; United Left or IU (a coalition of parties including the PCE and other small parties) [Gaspar LLAMAZARES] Political pressure groups and leaders: business and landowning interests; Catholic Church; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977); Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO; university students; Workers Confederation or CC.OO; Nunca Mas (Galician for "Never Again"; formed in response to the oil tanker Prestige oil spill) International organization participation: AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MONUC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC Diplomatic representation in the US: Diplomatic representation from the US: Flag description: three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar Economy НаверхEconomy - overview: Spain's mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per capita basis is 80% that of the four leading West European economies. The center-right government of former President AZNAR successfully worked to gain admission to the first group of countries launching the European single currency (the euro) on 1 January 1999. The AZNAR administration continued to advocate liberalization, privatization, and deregulation of the economy and introduced some tax reforms to that end. Unemployment fell steadily under the AZNAR administration but remains high at 11.7%. Growth of 2.4% in 2003 was satisfactory given the background of a faltering European economy. Incoming President RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO, whose party won the election three days after the Madrid train bombings in March, plans to reduce government intervention in business, combat tax fraud, and support innovation, research and development, but also intends to reintroduce labor market regulations that had been scrapped by the AZNAR government. Adjusting to the monetary and other economic policies of an integrated Europe - and reducing unemployment - will pose challenges to Spain over the next few years. GDP: purchasing power parity - $885.5 billion (2003 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 2.4% (2003 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $22,000 (2003 est.) GDP - composition by sector: Investment (gross fixed): 25.6% of GDP (2003) Population below poverty line: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8% Distribution of family income - Gini index: 32.5 (1990) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (2003 est.) Labor force: 18.82 million (2003) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 7%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 29%, services 64% (2001 est.) Unemployment rate: 11.3% (2003 est.) Budget: revenues: $330.7 billion Public debt: 62.7% of GDP (2003) Agriculture - products: grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish Industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism Industrial production growth rate: 1.6% (2003 est.) Electricity - production: 222.5 billion kWh (2001) Electricity - consumption: 210.4 billion kWh (2001) Electricity - exports: 4.138 billion kWh (2001) Electricity - imports: 7.588 billion kWh (2001) Oil - production: 7,099 bbl/day (2001 est.) Oil - consumption: 1.497 million bbl/day (2001 est.) Oil - exports: 135,100 bbl/day (2001) Oil - imports: 1.582 million bbl/day (2001) Oil - proved reserves: 10.5 million bbl (1 January 2002) Natural gas - production: 516 million cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - consumption: 17.96 billion cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - imports: 17.26 billion cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - proved reserves: 254.9 million cu m (1 January 2002) Current account balance: $-23.77 billion (2003) Exports: $159.4 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) Exports - commodities: machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, other consumer goods Exports - partners: France 19.2%, Germany 11.9%, Italy 9.7%, UK 9.4%, Portugal 9.3%, US 4.2% (2003) Imports: $197.1 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods; foodstuffs, consumer goods Imports - partners: France 16.8%, Germany 16.6%, Italy 8.8%, UK 6.5%, Netherlands 4.9% (2003) Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: $26.81 billion (2003) Debt - external: $718.4 billion (2003 est.) Economic aid - donor: ODA, $1.33 billion (1999) Currency: euro (EUR) Currency code: EUR Exchange rates: euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications НаверхTelephones - main lines in use: 17,567,500 (2003) Telephones - mobile cellular: 37,506,700 (2003) Telephone system: Radio broadcast stations: AM 208, FM 715, shortwave 1 (1998) Radios: 13.1 million (1997) Television broadcast stations: 224 (plus 2,105 repeaters) Televisions: 16.2 million (1997) Internet country code: .es Internet hosts: 1,056,950 (2004) Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 56 (2000) Internet users: 9.789 million (2003) Transportation НаверхRailways: Highways: Waterways: 1,045 km (2003) Pipelines: gas 7,306 km; oil 730 km; refined products 3,512 km (2004) Ports and harbors: Aviles, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, Huelva, A Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Malaga, Melilla, Pasajes, Gijon, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands), Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo Merchant marine: Airports: 156 (2003 est.) Airports - with paved runways: Airports - with unpaved runways: Heliports: 8 (2003 est.) Military НаверхMilitary branches: Army, Navy, Air Force (Ejercito del Aire, EdA), Marines Military manpower - military age and obligation: 20 years of age (2004 est.) Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 10,482,753 (2004 est.) Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 8,336,273 (2004 est.) Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 245,007 (2004 est.) Military expenditures - dollar figure: $9,906.5 million (2003) Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.2% (2003) Transnational Issues НаверхDisputes - international: since Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum in 2003 against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement, talks between the UK and Spain over the fate of the 300-year old UK colony have stalled; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching area of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Morocco rejected Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from the Canary Islands in 2002 to set limits to undersea resource exploration and refugee interdiction, but agreed in 2003 to discuss a comprehensive maritime delimitation; some Portuguese groups assert dormant claims to territories ceded to Spain around the town of Olivenza Illicit drugs: key European gateway country and consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish entering the European market; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money laundering site for European earnings of Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Вернуться на описание страны |
