|
| Вернуться на описание страны |
секретные разведданныеПредставляем Вам самое полное описание страны на основе данных, полученных от различных разведслужб всего мира.
Introduction Background: As Europe's largest economy and most populous nation, Germany remains a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the Communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro. Geography  НаверхLocation: Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark Geographic coordinates: 51 00 N, 9 00 E Map references: Europe Area: Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Montana Land boundaries: Coastline: 2,389 km Maritime claims: Climate: temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind Terrain: lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south Elevation extremes: Natural resources: coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land Land use: Irrigated land: 4,850 sq km (1998 est.) Natural hazards: flooding Environment - current issues: emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive Environment - international agreements: Geography - note: strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea People НаверхPopulation: 82,424,609 (July 2004 est.) Age structure: Median age: Population growth rate: 0.02% (2004 est.) Birth rate: 8.45 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) Death rate: 10.44 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) Net migration rate: 2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) Sex ratio: Infant mortality rate: Life expectancy at birth: Total fertility rate: 1.38 children born/woman (2004 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 41,000 (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: 660 (2001 est.) Nationality: Ethnic groups: German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish) Religions: Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated or other 28.3% Languages: German Literacy: Government НаверхCountry name: Government type: federal republic Capital: Berlin Administrative divisions: 13 states (Laender, singular - Land) and 3 free states* (Freistaaten, singular - Freistaat); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern*, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen*, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen* Independence: 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights 15 March 1991 National holiday: Unity Day, 3 October (1990) Constitution: 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united German people 3 October 1990 Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Federal Assembly or Bundestag (603 seats; elected by popular vote under a system combining direct and proportional representation; a party must win 5% of the national vote or three direct mandates to gain representation; members serve four-year terms) and the Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments are directly represented by votes; each has 3 to 6 votes depending on population and are required to vote as a block) Judicial branch: Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat) Political parties and leaders: Alliance '90/Greens [Angelika BEER and Reinhard BUETIKOFER]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party or FDP [Guido WESTERWELLE, chairman]; Party of Democratic Socialism or PDS [Lothar BISKY]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Franz MUENTEFERING] Political pressure groups and leaders: business associations, employers' organizations; expellee, refugee, trade unions, and veterans groups International organization participation: AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX: [1] (202) 298-4249 telephone: [1] (202) 298-8140 chancery: 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 Diplomatic representation from the US: Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold Economy НаверхEconomy - overview: Germany's affluent and technologically powerful economy- the fifth largest national economy in the world - has become one of the slowest growing economies in the entire euro zone, and a quick turnaround is not in the offing in the foreseeable future. Growth in 2001-03 fell short of 1%. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy continues to be a costly long-term process, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $70 billion. Germany's ageing population, combined with high unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions from workers. Structural rigidities in the labor market - including strict regulations on laying off workers and the setting of wages on a national basis - have made unemployment a chronic problem. Corporate restructuring and growing capital markets are setting the foundations that could allow Germany to meet the long-term challenges of European economic integration and globalization, particularly if labor market rigidities are further addressed. The government is also starting long-needed structural reforms designed to revitalize the country's economy. In the short run, however, the fall in government revenues and the rise in expenditures have raised the deficit above the EU's 3% debt limit. GDP: purchasing power parity - $2.271 trillion (2003 est.) GDP - real growth rate: -0.1% (2003 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $27,600 (2003 est.) GDP - composition by sector: Investment (gross fixed): 17.7% of GDP (2003) Population below poverty line: Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.6% Distribution of family income - Gini index: 30 (1994) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.1% (2003 est.) Labor force: 42.63 million (2003) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 2.8%, industry 33.4%, services 63.8% (1999) Unemployment rate: 10.5% (2003 est.) Budget: Public debt: 64.2% of GDP (2003) Agriculture - products: potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry Industries: among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages; shipbuilding; textiles Industrial production growth rate: 0.2% (2003 est.) Electricity - production: 544.8 billion kWh (2001) Electricity - consumption: 506.8 billion kWh (2001) Electricity - exports: 43.9 billion kWh (2001) Electricity - imports: 44 billion kWh (2001) Oil - production: 85,860 bbl/day (2001 est.) Oil - consumption: 2.813 million bbl/day (2001 est.) Oil - exports: 404,300 bbl/day (2001) Oil - imports: 3.081 million bbl/day (2001) Oil - proved reserves: 327.3 million bbl (1 January 2002) Natural gas - production: 22.16 billion cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - consumption: 94.34 billion cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - exports: 6.674 billion cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - imports: 78.73 billion cu m (2001 est.) Natural gas - proved reserves: 298.3 billion cu m (1 January 2002) Current account balance: $57.24 billion (2003) Exports: $696.9 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) Exports - commodities: machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures, foodstuffs, textiles Exports - partners: France 10.6%, US 9.3%, UK 8.4%, Italy 7.4%, Netherlands 6.2%, Austria 5.3%, Belgium 5.1%, Spain 4.9%, Switzerland 4% (2003) Imports: $585 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) Imports - commodities: machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals Imports - partners: France 9.2%, Netherlands 8.4%, US 7.3%, Italy 6.3%, UK 6%, Belgium 4.9%, China 4.7%, Austria 4% (2003) Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: $96.84 billion (2003) Debt - external: NA (2000 est.) Economic aid - donor: ODA, $5.6 billion (1998) Currency: euro (EUR) Currency code: EUR Exchange rates: euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999) Fiscal year: calendar year Communications НаверхTelephones - main lines in use: 54.35 million (2003) Telephones - mobile cellular: 64.8 million (2003) Telephone system: Radio broadcast stations: AM 51, FM 787, shortwave 4 (1998) Radios: 77.8 million (1997) Television broadcast stations: 373 (plus 8,042 repeaters) (1995) Televisions: 51.4 million (1998) Internet country code: .de Internet hosts: 2,686,119 (2004) Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 200 (2001) Internet users: 39 million (2003) Transportation НаверхRailways: Highways: Waterways: 7,300 km Pipelines: condensate 325 km; gas 25,293 km; oil 3,540 km; refined products 3,827 km (2004) Ports and harbors: Berlin, Bonn, Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Cologne, Dresden, Duisburg, Emden, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Luebeck, Magdeburg, Mannheim, Rostock, Stuttgart Merchant marine: Airports: 550 (2003 est.) Airports - with paved runways: Airports - with unpaved runways: Heliports: 34 (2003 est.) Military НаверхMilitary branches: Army (Heer), Navy (Deutsche Marine; including Naval Air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe), Joint Support Service, Central Medical Service Military manpower - military age and obligation: 18 years of age (conscripts serve a nine-month tour of compulsory military service) (2004 est.) Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 20,468,942 (2004 est.) Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 17,338,435 (2004 est.) Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 484,837 (2004 est.) Military expenditures - dollar figure: $35.063 billion (2003) Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.5% (2003) Transnational Issues НаверхDisputes - international: none Illicit drugs: source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs; major financial center |
| |||||||||||||||
| Вернуться на описание страны |
